“功利”的意思是不是单纯为了语言能力的提高读外刊，同时有考试上的考虑。
我们之前常提到功利的角度，是用外刊去积累一些考试写作部分可以用的语料。
这里我们讲一个更为功利的方面。
也是为了一个考试的写作，只是通过这个角度的侧重，我们提高的主要是分析一篇文章的能力。
在读文章的时候，特别是当我们想精读的时候，可能常会有个疑惑，怎么样算是精读到位了。
SAT 的写作部分要求可能可以给我们提供一个测试学上的参考。
首先SAT 的写作文章基本都是来源于各个外刊的
比如 2019.08 的北美卷是来自于 Los Angeles Times 的
2019.04.09 School Day 的写作文章是来自于 New York Times的
2019.03.27 School Day 的写作文章是来自于 Wall Street Journal的
等等
因为这个考试的写作提出的要求针对的也是外刊文章，所以对于我们读外刊应该是很有参考意义的
总的来说，考试要求如下
As you read the passage below, consider how Arthur Schlesinger Jr. uses
• evidence, such as facts or examples, to support claims.
• reasoning to develop ideas and to connect claims and evidence.
• stylistic or persuasive elements, such as word choice or appeals to emotion, to add power to the ideas expressed.
所以意味着我们在读文章的时候，也可以去找一下
-不同的evidence， 以及是怎么证明观点的。
-用了哪些不同的说理方式
-以及语言表达上的一些特点。
当然这几个名词定义我们可以再细看下
Evidence is information and ideas that the author uses to support a claim. Evidence takes many forms, and the forms vary depending on the kind of argument the author is writing and the nature of the point the author is trying to make. Evidence can come in the form of facts, statistics, quotations from (other) experts, the results of experiments or other research, examples, and the like. The author of any given passage may use some of these or rely on other kinds of sources entirely. It’ll be up to you to figure out what constitutes evidence in a particular passage and how the author uses it to support his or her claims.
Your analysis of an author’s use of evidence can take many forms, depending on the particular passage in question. You may end up pointing out that the author relies (perhaps too much) on one kind of evidence or another – or on little or no evidence at all, likely weakening the argument’s effectiveness. You may instead or in addition point to specific cases in which the author’s choice of evidence was particularly effective in supportinq a claim or point. Other approaches are possible as well.
Reasoning is the connective tissue that holds an argument together. It’s the “thinking” – the logic, the analysis – that develops the argument and ties the claim and evidence together. Reasoning plays a stronger role in some texts than in others. Some authors are very careful about making their thought processes clear so that readers can follow and critique them. In other cases, texts rely less heavily on logic.
Your analysis of an author’s use of reasoning can take a number of different-approaches. You may decide to discuss how the author uses (or fails to use) clear, logical reasoning to draw a connection between a claim and the evidence supporting that claim. You may also or instead choose to evaluate the impact that particular aspects of the author’s reasoning (e.g., unstated assumptions) have on how convincing the argument is. Other approaches are possible as well.
Stylistic and persuasive elements are rhetorical techniques that an author might bring to bear in order to enhance the power of his or her argument. An author could make use of appeals, such as to the audience’s fears or sense of honor, or employ particularly vivid descriptive language to create a mood of anticipation or anxiety, or use one or more of any number of other such devices. There’s no definitive list of these techniques, and you don’t have to know them all by heart or by name to be able to get good scores on the Essay. The key thing here is to be on the lookout for ways in which the author attempts to influence the audience, sometimes by using something other than a strictly logical, rational approach.
Your analysis of the author’s use of stylistic and persuasive elements can follow a number of paths. You may point out instances in which the author uses such devices and evaluate their role or their effectiveness in convincing an audience to action. You may also analyze and evaluate the varying extent to which logic and emotion contribute to the persuasiveness of the text. Other approaches are possible as well.
We’ve listed some examples of how evidence, reasoning, and stylistic and persuasive elements might be analyzed in a passage, but these are by no means the only ways. For some passages, evidence may be less important than reasoning and/or stylistic and persuasive elements, so it makes sense to devote less attention to evidence in such a case. Indeed, successful responses do not need to cover each of these three categories. In fact, it’s generally better to focus your essay on a few points that are well made than attempt to check off a long list of rhetorical elements. You can also choose to discuss some aspect of the passage that doesn’t fit neatly into one of the three categories but that plays an important part in how the author builds the argument.
更多精读方式讲解和SAT 写作要求解读
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